The big thing we need to judge the viability of tariffs is what you said in the 2nd paragraph: a ton of time.
For industries to develop to fill the gap of viability caused by the tariffs increasing import costs, it'll take time for individuals and businesses to realise it's now something that can be done viably and do it. It's like the issue with payment processors and CDN providers, where people don't realise there's viability for an alternative and there's a problem with the current status quo until they feel personally impacted by it.
This is a topic independent of Trump, and it's one I find sincerely interesting because trying to judge and speculate on every individual knock-on effect is (
rather sadly) something I find enjoyable.
The "globalised economy" we had prior to the 80s differs from the "globalised economy" after it, because the "global economy" prior was composed of 3 semi-separate markets with little overlap in terms of products even if there were occasionally trades of raw resources, those being NATO, China, and the Warsaw Pact.
The mass unemployment which afflicted the West in the 80s (after China was brought into their market, sans 70+ years of regulations/worker rights with an abundance of labour) didn't affect the Warsaw Pact because the markets/labour forces were segregated from one another by and large, meaning East German workers weren't suddenly competing with Chinese workers, nor were Warsaw Pact companies/businesses in competition with ones from NATO.
It was when Russia and Co joined with the rest of the world did all those knock-off companies in the USSR and friends die off, since their products were typically shit and the growth potential of these opened markets meant competitors quickly filled the gap to employ people, so these competitors both proliferated and proved a boon to the economy. The Warsaw pact didn't grow into superstar economies like China/NATO did since they were on the ass-end of the mass wage decrease + mass inflation that they were now suddenly apart of, meaning they saw decreased unemployment and a broader options of consumer goods but their situation didn't exactly elevate to mountainous highs like China initially did in the early to mid 80s. China was in a worse situation than any member of the Warsaw pact (except maybe central Asia) but the development in places like Shanghai is undeniable given they essentially took the overflow of wealth from the West and saw it get invested in developing Chinese infrastructure at rapid speed, since the cost of doing so was so little it was seen as a worthwhile investment for offshoring companies to further boost their own profits. Apple, for example, have invested over $400 billion in Chinese infrastructure.
As a small aside in what is otherwise aside: The Warsaw Pact was actually similar to modern China in terms of strategy, sans the inclusion of Western competition at all but still prioritising on exporting raw goods and materials over importing them. We've seen this go down badly (Khruschev trying to grow corn in Siberia) but we've seen it negatively impact the West. The Soviets at one time controlled 80% of the global sugar market via producing it (sugar beat is where most sugar comes from, not sugar cane) but also buying and hording it, which is why them taking it off the market served as the impetus for high fructose corn syrup taking the place of most conventional sugars in American products.
In theory, given enough time, American farmers could've seen this occur and trade some of their corn fields out for sugar beat and make more money selling that, whilst also taking some corn off the market thus increasing its value too and thus eliminating the need for corn subsidies since it'll actually be worth something, but since corn also sees uses in a ton of other industries (ethanol, corn starch, animal feed) the trickle down affect of this could've been bad, but at the same time, maybe not. "Subsidies" is another subject in of itself. Were they not in place during the 70s, would American farmers have traded corn out for sugar beat to meet demand and make a profit rather than stick with the reliable and government-funded maize? Who knows, but the cost of sugar and it not being available for purchase due to a lack of switch over contributed to the decision to substitute it for corn syrup and now Americans have got a bit shittier Coke than the rest of the world. A condemnation of Capitalism and sacrificing consumer good quality for the sake of reducing overheads, or a condemnation of Communism and lack of free market not allowing businesses and individuals to respond to changes in the economy as they occur - you be the judge.
Anyway, on the subject of tariffs again: China's imports are primarily fuel-related in order to keep their industry chugging along, which is why Trump's tariffs did initially hurt them and not insignificantly. Trump targeted their highest exports to the USA (sans electronics) and China reciprocated in targeting the USA's highest exports, except the USA primarily exports fuel and food to China, which caused their industrial output to slowdown significantly as fuels were seeing a huge price increases. When the tariffs are affecting complete products, the harm felt by most of the population isn't as severe as those affecting raw materials and goods which can turn into products or get used in some other process. China exempted some of the smaller necessities from tariffs, such as ethanol, but stuff like oil hurt them. It's still something they're being
affected by:
China's economy jolted by weakest factory output, retail sales growth in over a year.
The big issue is trying to shape the market in ways you want it to but doing little domestically to encourage it. We've seen Trump do stuff like push for steel and microprocessors but other things you raised, like coffee, would also require eliminating other things that make it viable over anything else. Why grow sugar/coffee/etcetera when corn is still far and away the most reliable crop to grow? And since it'll remain affordable, why not find uses for corn in everyday products to maximise its value? Another issue with steel and microprocessors and other major factory jobs is: (1) Automation may eliminate the jobs they'd be purported to bring (2) Literally any developing country outside of the USA and Europe will have cheaper workers and less stringent safety requirements and outside of potential infrastructure issues and safety, they will always opt to manufacture where it is cheapest. If China collapsed tomorrow, they'd opt into India, Vietnam, Indonesia, etcetera. If you want the jobs to come
here, then you have make the viability of anywhere else impossible. The USA's biggest advantage is that it has the largest yet simultaneously wealthy consumer market of any one country on earth. If Apple couldn't sell its products in the USA due to manufacturing in China, Apple would shift manufacturing to India overnight. The biggest drawback to this is pissing off consumers though, but America doesn't really make full use of its importance in that regard. The tariffs
have been profitable for the US government, but they're actually incredibly weak in terms of coverage hence why many of the "little people" haven't felt them.
To me the value of encouraging domestic industry is to make you less vulnerable to shortages and less reliant on foreign countries rather than the purely economic benefits/jobs but it's not really the driving force behind Trump's economic policy, hence why he was unforgiving on steel and auto-manufacturing tariffs yet will give leeway to anything else if enough people complain about it close to him.
Maybe he didn't exclude video game consoles because Baron is a PC gamer so he never got wind people were upset. Would explain the CPU/GPU exclusions too, besides AI shit.