- Joined
- Sep 9, 2021
Most. Medieval peasants engaged in family planning more than we thought, and families were not as large. Wealthier women had more children who survived as they had access to better nutrition. One of the biggest problems was puerperal fever after childbirth and pre-eclampsia, not including haemorrhaging if the baby's head was too large. Ultrasounds really are a life saver in that regard.
"Most" or "many"?
Pregnancy was a rather dangerous affair depending on the century you are looking at. In the example I gave, some data points suggest upwards of 30-60% maternal mortality. From this Reddit post, it gave this reference:most women survived childbirth
if rates were as high as most pop historians think there would be few women around to birth the 3rd, 4th and 5th child
It is easier to get data from European sources as they kept data from baptisms, tax collectors (as seen in the Medievalists article above) or demographic data (popularized in Sweden in 1750 and has been remarkably consistent ever since). Data from Africa is harder to get due to a lack of any data. An interesting tidbit is that Africans have the shortest gestation times of any ethnic group, albeit the data only goes to 2004. It's hard to get ethnic differences in stuff like that published, but places like American Renaissance used to post articles like that.The best scholars have been able to put together draws from a handful parish baptism/death records from the very late Middle Ages, combined with a few early modern ones. Since living conditions themselves did not change much between the late MA and the earlier centuries of the early modern era, scholars generally considered it a fairly accurate match.
So the general numbers for source-based maternal mortality within a month of childbirth were around 1-1.5% in rural areas, and 1.5-2.5% in cities. However, those statistics only account for maternal mortality during or soon after giving birth to a child who was either alive or "alive" for baptismal purposes. Accounting for miscarriages, in particular, would increase the numbers.
Over the course of one's life, the general thought is around 10% of women died due to pregnancy causes.
Audrey Eccles, Obstetrics and Gynecology in Tudor and Stuart England, is one good place to start looking for more detailed info. Louis Schwartz, Milton and Maternal Mortality, has a pretty good chunk of relevant digitized material available in the Google Books preview.